Rabu, 30 Juni 2010

[F150.Ebook] Download Ebook Nottingham, by Jaron Lee Knuth

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Nottingham, by Jaron Lee Knuth

In the last city on Earth, far below the radioactive wasteland, the survivors of the war have constructed a bottomless urban cityscape filled with layers of skyscrapers and mazes of overlapping roadways. Automaton servants fulfill the desires of every citizen. They clean their homes, police their streets, and share their beds. Bio-engineered organs replace the failures of human nature, keeping people alive indefinitely. Genetically modified pets entertain their children. Food is manufactured to the highest quality imaginable. Every wish is granted. As long as they can afford it. Those unable to pay the exorbitant prices set by the rich, die in the streets. Their lack of technology disconnects them. Their lack of medical care weakens them. Their lack of food starves them. And when they turn to crime in order to survive, they're sentenced to death. Hope no longer exists. But against seemingly impossible odds, an unlikely hero will stand up against an establishment built upon suffering and corrupted by wealth. He will remind the poor, the weak, and the destitute that they should never give up and they should never surrender, because in the city of Nottingham, the war is just beginning.

  • Sales Rank: #5389653 in Books
  • Published on: 2013-07-14
  • Original language: English
  • Dimensions: 8.00" h x .77" w x 5.25" l,
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 306 pages

About the Author
Jaron Lee Knuth (Born 1978) is an American fiction author and lover of all forms of storytelling, from screenplays and comic books, to video games and new media. When he isn't pedaling his bicycle through town, experimenting with a new recipe, enjoying a local microbrew, or providing a lap for his sleeping cats, he writes various genres of fiction from his home in western Wisconsin. He is always interested in your questions and comments, which can be sent to: jaronleeknuth@gmail.com You can also follow his news and updates at: facebook.com/jaronleeknuth

Most helpful customer reviews

2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
R.O.B.I.N.
By macpollo62
This was a really great read, the way si-fi should be. A great modernization of an old favorite. Books like this inspire people to make time to lose themselves in someone else's fantasy.

1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
Not your average men in tights
By dkw
The surface is radioactive. What is left of humanity lives "Downtown" in a dystopian underground layer cake of grime, filth, and "steampunk" gangs kept in check by a privatized automaton police force. All except for "Uptown", of course: the wealthy and privileged few who live in a shielded dome on the surface enjoy the luxuries of daily meals, among other things. Downtown was the farthest thing from their thoughts.

The economic divide in the city of Nottingham is stifling for two members of a Nottingham gang, who resort to stealing in order to eat. But one gig goes terribly wrong, and instead of a major payday, they set free a deactivated R0B1N class automaton with a mysterious past. What happens next will have you on the edge of your seat till the epic conclusion. Nottingham's characters are uniquely flavored, the dialogue is excellent, and the plot and writing a pleasure to read. Highly recommended.

It hardly seems worth mentioning, but to the author: there were several very minor typo's...have a look through. Also, what a cool cover!

2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
VERY entertaining
By Sundance Seay
A way far fetched but very entertaining story. I like them that way. A very futuristic spin on an old school tale. This one was well worth my time to read.

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Jumat, 25 Juni 2010

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  • Sales Rank: #3681597 in Books
  • Brand: Brand: Liguori Publications
  • Published on: 2003-05
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: .70" h x 5.76" w x 8.62" l,
  • Binding: Hardcover
  • 124 pages
Features
  • Used Book in Good Condition

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BIOTECHNOLOGY IN FLAVOR PRODUCTION

  • Published on: 2014
  • Dimensions: .0" h x .0" w x .0" l, .0 pounds
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Sabtu, 19 Juni 2010

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The Woman Who Would Be King: Hatshepsut's Rise to Power in Ancient Egypt, by Kara Cooney

An engrossing biography of the longest-reigning female pharaoh in Ancient Egypt and the story of her audacious rise to power.

Hatshepsut—the daughter of a general who usurped Egypt's throne and a mother with ties to the previous dynasty—was born into a privileged position�in the royal household, and she was expected to bear the sons who would legitimize the reign of her father’s family. Her failure to produce a male heir was ultimately the twist of fate that paved the way for her improbable rule as a cross-dressing king.� At just over twenty, Hatshepsut ascended to the rank of pharaoh in an elaborate coronation ceremony that set the tone for her spectacular reign as co-regent with Thutmose III, the infant king whose mother Hatshepsut out-maneuvered for a seat on the throne. Hatshepsut was a master strategist, cloaking her political power plays in the veil of piety and sexual reinvention. Just as women today face obstacles from a society that equates authority with masculinity, Hatshepsut shrewdly operated the levers of power to emerge as Egypt's second female pharaoh.


Hatshepsut successfully negotiated a path from the royal nursery to the very pinnacle of authority, and her reign saw one of Ancient Egypt’s most prolific building periods. Scholars have long speculated as to why her monuments were destroyed within a few decades of her death, all but erasing evidence of her unprecedented rule. Constructing a rich narrative history using the artifacts that remain, noted Egyptologist Kara Cooney offers a remarkable interpretation of how Hatshepsut rapidly but methodically consolidated power—and why she fell from public favor just as quickly. The Woman Who Would Be King traces the unconventional life of an almost-forgotten pharaoh and explores our complicated reactions to women in power.

  • Sales Rank: #301659 in Books
  • Published on: 2014-10-14
  • Released on: 2014-10-14
  • Format: Deckle Edge
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 9.52" h x 1.13" w x 6.59" l, 1.42 pounds
  • Binding: Hardcover
  • 320 pages

Review
“Engrossing and compulsively readable.” –TIME

“The life of Hatshepsut, Egypt’s second female pharaoh, was replete with opulent living, complex royal bloodlines, and sexual energy; in short, the kind of drama that fuels Ancient Egypt’s enduring appeal…From Hatshepsut’s self-perception, political prowess, and lifestyle emerge an image of the ‘ultimate working mother’ and a compelling insight into ancient gender roles.” –Publishers Weekly

“Cooney does a fantastic job of breathing new life into her subject and showing the woman who dared to keep herself and her nephew Thutmose III on the throne, as well as what led Hatshepsut's name to be tarnished and nearly erased from history. The book will be of great interest to those fascinated by ancient Egypt, history, and women's history.”–Library Journal

“This biography could only be based on conjecture and guesswork, but the addition of expertise makes it well worth reading. The author's Egyptology background provides the nitty-gritty of daily life and animates this king (at the time, there was no word for 'queen')… Cooney's detective work finally brings out the story of a great woman's reign.”—Kirkus Reviews

“Egyptologist Cooney peels back the layers of the life of Hatshepsut, Egypt’s second female pharaoh, providing a multidimensional portrait of a woman of strength, intelligence, and substance.”—Booklist

“Highly engrossing... [an] informed-by-expertise, compellingly written conjecture that will draw curious readers in with its vivid depiction of life in Ancient Egypt and a truly remarkable woman.”—BookPage

“The Woman Who Would Be King is a fascinating look at one of the most formidable and successful women in all of ancient history. Before Cleopatra there was Hatshepsut. Now, thanks to Kara Cooney, the real Hatshepsut stands before us in all her glory. For the first time we have a full-length biography of her that is not only a great scholarly work but also a marvelous read.” –Amanda Foreman, author of Georgiana: Duchess of Devonshire and A World on Fire: Britain’s Crucial Role in the American Civil War

“The compelling�biography of a fascinating woman: the daughter, wife and stepmother of kings, who defied tradition to rule the most powerful nation in the Mediterranean world as pharaoh. Cooney tells her tale with authority, sensitivity�and imagination. It is a tale that deserves to be told.” –Joyce Tyldesley, author of Cleopatra: Last Queen of Egypt and Hatchepsut: The Female Pharaoh

“What Stacy Schiff did for Cleopatra, Kara Cooney has done for Hatshepsut. An absolutely fantastic read about one of the most powerful Pharaoh-Queens in ancient Egypt. Completely unputdownable!” –Michelle Moran, bestselling author of Nefertiti

“The story of Hatshepsut, the woman who ruled Egypt as Pharaoh, is an amazing tale and Dr. Cooney tells it in a very personal way. Readers are going to love this version!”—Bob Brier, author of The Murder of Tutankhamen

“This biography of Hatshepsut is an ideal blend of historical analysis and an imaginative story.� With her unique ability to address both the general public and scholars alike, Cooney’s narrative flows as if it were a novel, but at the same time illuminates the historical, economic, social, and religious context of Hatshepsut’s world, and that of the people surrounding her.� The reader is given a glimpse into a vibrant ancient world—one that we oftentimes forget about in the midst of all the granite and mudbrick that remains today.�Writing a biography of a woman about whom there is little archival information is difficult, to say the least.� Nevertheless, Cooney presents a seamless picture of Hatshepsut’s life and her rise to power in ancient Egypt.” —Professor Kathleen Sheppard, author of The Life of Margaret Alice Murray: A Woman's Work in Archaeology

“Kara Cooney has written a lively, engaging, historically accurate account of one of the most controversial of Egypt's female pharaohs, Hatshepsut. Weaving together evidence from historical texts, the queen's monuments, and archaeological finds, Cooney presents an accessible story of Hatshepsut's rise to power until her demise, bringing ancient Egypt, its people, and its rulers to life. A fun and interesting read!” –Salima Ikram, Professor of Egyptology, American University in Cairo

About the Author

KARA COONEY is an associate professor of Egyptian art and architecture at UCLA in the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures. In 2005, she was co-curator of Tutankhamun and the Golden Age of the Pharaohs at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Cooney produced a comparative archaeology series entitled Out of Egypt, which aired on the Discovery Channel and is streaming on Netflix.

Excerpt. � Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved.
One

Divine Origins

The Nile, lifeblood of the world's first great civilization, flowed calmly outside her palace window. The inundation had receded, and she could see the farmers readying themselves in the predawn hour, milking their cows, getting their sacks of emmer and barley seed ready to cast upon the rich black earth. In a few hours, the air would fill with the sounds of men shouting, children laughing, and animals bleating as they ran behind the plows, treading upon the scattered seeds and driving them into the soil. But for now, the sun was yet to crest the horizon. There was still time before she would be called to awaken the god in the temple. The girl dismissed her handmaiden to have a moment of privacy for herself.

Hatshepsut was around sixteen years old, and her life's purpose was over. Her husband Aakheperenre Thutmose, Lord of the Two Lands, King of Upper and Lower Egypt, may he live, was gravely ill, despite his youth. He and Hatshepsut had failed to produce an heir. She had only one daughter, Nefrure, who was strong and healthy but just two years old--not old enough to marry, reproduce, or forge the alliances that princesses so often do. Hatshepsut herself was the daughter of the previous king and was married to her father's successor--her own younger brother. She now sat as the king's highest-ranking wife. Her bloodline was impeccable: daughter of the king, sister of the king, wife of the king. Her biggest failing was not giving birth to a son: the heir to the throne would not come from her.

Why had Amen-Re, the king of the gods, not blessed Egypt with a son of pure royal blood? Why had he only given Hatshepsut a daughter? A man could spread his seed and produce offspring in profusion. A woman's womb could give but one child a year. And Hatshepsut's womb had been blessed only with a girl--or at least Nefrure was the only child that had lived.

Her husband did have some boys in the royal nursery--but from other mothers. The kingship should always pass from father to son; however, these boys were mere babies. The king had only been on the throne for three short years, not long enough to sire a stable of healthy potential heirs. And worse than that, the mothers of these children were nothing more than Ornaments of the King--pretty young things brought in to arouse the king's pleasure, with faces and bodies that would excite even the most sickly of monarchs. These girls had no family connections of any importance. How could one of these women be elevated to King's Mother? The idea was insupportable.

Hatshepsut understood that she wielded great power as queen. Her husband had never been in good health. His kingship had never been expected, but his two elder brothers died before they could take the throne. Thus Thutmose was not trained for kingship as he should have been. When they married, it was Hatshepsut who advised her brother on which officials to trust, which families to avoid, and how to make his mark as a monarch. It still seemed to her as if he had been plucked from the royal nursery one day, called to be king, to his own horror as much as anyone else's. The heartbreaking death of one brother after another had brought the crown to young Thutmose and the queenship to Hatshepsut. From as far back as she could remember, Hatshepsut understood that she was training for a life of great power and influence. But now it was all over. With no direct connection to the next king, she would be shut out of worldly affairs, her life's journey confined within luxurious palace walls.

But Hatshepsut still walked the halls of power as the God's Wife of Amen. And she sensed that it might be difficult for people to support the claim of an infant to the crowns of the Two Lands. Would their subjects watch passively as a young prince without connections, the son of one of the King's Beauties, was propped up as king? Such a vulnerable monarch could only be maintained if Hatshepsut stood behind him as his regent and made the decisions; otherwise, all would be lost; her father's Thutmoside line would be broken after only two generations. Many great men of the court were emphasizing their connections back to the Ahmoside family--the kings who had ruled before her father--in an attempt to lay claim to the thrones of Upper and Lower Egypt; if the White and Red crowns passed to one of them instead of to a son of her brother, then all that her parents had entrusted to her would be lost. It would be a shameful end to her father's dynasty: dying out after only two Thutmoside kings--her father and her brother. Somehow she had to create the circumstances for a third Thutmoside king.

Hatshepsut was not only the King's Great Wife but also the God's Wife of Amen, and she understood how to use that position. She served as the most important priestess in all of Egypt and had been trained from childhood by Ahmes-Nefertari, the most revered and aged royal queen and priestess in the land. As Hatshepsut prepared for her duties at the temple, she decided to ask the god what to do. She would place the burden in his hands.

Somewhere beyond the palace, she heard the beating of drums and the shaking of sistra. It was time to awaken Amen.

Hatshepsut hurried into the temple of Ipet-Sut, the Chosen Place for the gods of Thebes, moving through a series of majestic plastered gateways, light-filled courtyards, cool columned halls, and dark, smoke-filled inner sanctuaries, to her own robing rooms. As was her daily custom, she bathed in the sacred lake within the temple walls; the dawn air chilled her flesh. Having been thus purified in preparation for the morning meal with the god, she was anointed with oils by her Divine Adoratrices and then dressed in a pure linen robe pleated with hundreds of folds pressed into the gauzy fabric. This particular morning was not a festival day, so the temple staff had to complete only the simplest of preparations, which included the slaughter of a bull for the god's meal of a few dozen courses of milk, cakes, breads, and meats. To Hatshepsut, this temple was a second home. She found comfort in the juxtaposition of its frenetic activity against a calm, divine presence. Frantic priests ran through their preparations in the outer rooms as she walked with her ladies deep into the very heart of the temple. The chanting and drumbeats now sounded more distant as she entered the small, dark, windowless sanctuary where Amen dwelled--a room filled with brightly painted relief whose low ceiling and close walls acted as a womb of rebirth for the god. Finally, she stood before the shrine of Amen himself; in the lamplight, gold and lapis gleamed through the incense smoke, a sight that never failed to set her heart pounding.

The First High Priest of Amen joined Hatshepsut in the sanctuary while the Second High Priest arranged the sacred texts and instruments. After all the offerings of food and drink were arrayed, the lower-ranked priest retreated from the sanctuary, wiping away his footprints as he backed out of the room. The next moments of the ritual involved waking the vulnerable god from his sleep of death. All but the most important priests waited outside in the offering hall, shaking their sistra and beating drums to calm the god and to keep danger at bay. Only Hatshepsut and the First High Priest were able to witness the god's visage and exposed body. The high priest was the first to approach the shrine of Amen. With cool and reverent hands, he removed veils covering the unknowable and hidden image. The fact that the Great God was an immobile statue of gold did not make him any less real.

Closing her eyes, Hatshepsut began the incantations to awaken the god, calling him to his meal. Shuffling behind her, the First High Priest burned wax figures of the enemies of Egypt, so that the sanctuary would be clear of any danger. All around them incense burned in profusion, narrowing her vision in the lamp-lit room to a tunnel with the god's image at the end. Hatshepsut then reached for her golden sistrum, ready to shake the sacred tambourine of Hathor to awaken the god.

As she chanted and shook the sistrum, she opened her linen robe, revealing her naked body to the Great God's eyes. Meanwhile, the high priest offered him food, starting with milk, because the newly awakened divinity was as weak as an infant, and then building up to great bloody cuts of freshly sacrificed beef as he gained strength. After the last course, Hatshepsut moved closer to the statue so that the god could complete his morning renewal. As the God's Wife of Amen, Hatshepsut was also known as the God's Hand, the instrument of his sexuality. Reverently, she took his phallus into her palm, allowing him to re-create himself through his own release. Outside the sanctuary, her Divine Adoratrices were chanting, their voices rising higher and faster with the urgency of the moment. She stood before his statue, opened her linen robe wide to reveal her young body, and chanted praise of Amen, King of All the Gods, Lord of the Thrones of the Two Lands, the Lord of All, until she felt his orgasm.

Her eyes were closed. Her head was dizzy from the incense, herbs, and chanting. She felt herself fall to the floor before him--something neither she nor the high priest expected. With her eyes closed and her head bowed down before his shrine, she began to talk to her sacred husband, the god Amen-Re. She told him of the king's great sickness and impending death. She told him that a young Horus had not yet been chosen, and that all the candidates were merely nestlings, puppies. She told him that she had served him faithfully and would do as he asked. But all of Egypt would soon be in mourning and silence. She needed to know what to do to maintain the Black Land and Amen's rule in it. She was young, but she could hold and keep power. She needed his guidance.

In return she received a revelation. He spoke to her. Amen-Re, Bull of His Mother, Sacred of Arm, told her that she was elemental to the plans in his mind: he had chosen her, Hatshepsut, to carry them out; he would reveal his instructions over time, so she must be always ready, listening. And he told her more, too, secrets of power and fearlessness that left her breathless and weeping.

And then the revelation was over. In silence and in secret, her voice shaking with emotion, she gave Amen a secret promise. She would be his instrument.



We have no historical record of Hatshepsut's worries and schemes upon the death of her husband, Thutmose II, but by examining her unprecedented choice to ultimately take on the kingship we can imagine how an educated royal woman might have understood and created a place for herself within Egypt's court. Because the Egyptians enacted their politics through the rituals of religion, we cannot know exactly where the affairs of government ended and the ideology started. Hatshepsut herself tells us in many monumental texts that her assumption of power was decreed by Amen-Re, her father. Indeed, she probably believed this to be true.

The nature of the evidence from her reign--her temples and monumental texts, the decorated tombs of her courtiers, her tomb in the Valley of the Kings, all her statuary and painted reliefs, even the recent identification of a possible mummy--has encouraged us to understand Hatshepsut's story through the things she built and touched. She did not leave us any letters or diaries. We have little access to the human emotions of her story. The difficult part of a biography of any Egyptian king is that we fall into the gaps of the personal history left untold. If the king was meant to be a living god on earth, then naturally he had to be shrouded in ideology and not defined by his personality, schemes, plans, and ambitions. Unlike the Romans, who produced countless lascivious stories about their own emperors and senators, not to mention Cleopatra, that foreign seductress of good Roman generals, the ancient Egyptians played their politics close to the vest, and for good reason. The system of divine kingship and cosmic order mattered most to them, not the individual person who was king at a particular time. The institution of kingship was unassailable even when the dynasty was in jeopardy, when there was competition for the throne, or when a woman dared to take power. Among thousands of often meticulous Egyptian historical documents, hardly a single word betrays any human emotion of delight, heartbreak, jealousy, or disgust concerning political events.1 The Egyptian ideological systems took precedence over the emotions, decisions, wants, and desires of any one individual or family. Gossip among the elite and powerful of ancient Egyptian society was almost unheard of, at least in any recorded form that we can decipher. Formality ruled the day. The drama of a public scandal was swept under the rug, never to be entered into official documents or even unofficial letters. The ancient Egyptians never underestimated the power of the written word; anything that smacked of personal politics or individual opinion was excluded from the formal record. It seems that such things could only be spoken of in hushed tones. Ancient Egyptians preserved the "what" of their history in copious texts and monuments for posterity; the "how" and the "why," the messy details of it all, are much harder to get at. And, for our modern minds, it is the recording of events that allows them to become real and valid.



1. There are no texts from Hatshepsut's time--historical, administrative, religious, or otherwise--that betray openly expressed negative feelings toward the ruling king or political activities of officials. We do have veiled references from earlier Middle Kingdom literary texts that obliquely discuss the regicide of Amenemhat I, the instability of the times, and the royal family's inability to trust any of the courtiers and officials. See Miriam Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, vol. 1, The Old and Middle Kingdoms (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975), 135-38. Later legal texts will point toward another regicide, that of Ramses III in Dynasty 20, and the involvement of the royal harem. See Susan Redford, The Harem Conspiracy: The Murder of Ramesses III (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2002). The Tale of Wenamen, a text from the end of Dynasty 20 that belongs to both the literary and historical genres, reveals the opinion that the Egyptian king had lost his power over foreign lands and even his own country. See Miriam Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, vol. 2, The New Kingdom (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976), 224-30.

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75 of 80 people found the following review helpful.
Sensationalized but based on fact
By JLee
This book is not a comprehensive, scholarly study on the reign of Hatshepsut. It is, instead, a lightweight and general overview of Hatshepsut's reign, with a very imaginative twist. It would probably contain more than enough detail for most people.

The author, who has written for television (and it shows), tries to psychoanalyze and interpret the motives and actions of the principal players - to fill in the blanks. A lot of people will appreciate her entertaining style and much prefer it to a more academic study. Paragraph after paragraph contains words like "maybe" or "perhaps" or "could have." The language sometimes detours into the lurid and melodramatic. There are some graphic descriptions of dying infants and diseases and gastrointestinal maladies and of the mummification process that turned my stomach. Sex is a recurring topic, and anyone reading this book might incorrectly suppose that women in Egypt were viewed purely as sex objects. This is the sort of stuff that appeals to many and makes successful TV shows, but it is not necessary in scholarly studies.

Buried under all the "maybes" and "could haves" is a fair and even-handed (if too brief and incomplete) consideration of Hatshepsut and her reign. I found that she was quite clear on what is fact and what is speculation. Cooney has actually done a very fine job of sifting through all the rubbish that has been written about Hatshepsut. And, oh, my, there has been so ever much rubbish written about Hatshepsut.

When Hatshepsut's name was first discovered (after Champollion's decipherment of hieroglyphs) she was, as a king, assumed to be a male. The idea that he was actually a she was shocking to early historians and very, very slow to be accepted. Then it became the standard to assume that Thutmose III couldn't wait until he became older and gained enough power to have his hated witch of a stepmother murdered for usurping his throne. The ancient Egyptian populace then supposedly suddenly realized that they had, forty years earlier, been somehow tricked into being ruled by a female and set about trying to destroy every reference to her. (Good grief.) Those old theories ignore the fact that Hatshepsut did not become king because she said so; she had to have a substantial power base to gain and maintain authority. Her reign was also very successful, so it's hard to discredit. Unfortunately, those old theories have been repeated so many times, many people have erroneously accepted them as fact.

Instead, Hatshepsut certainly allowed Thutmose III to live when she could easily, especially during his childhood, have arranged a convenient accident for him. They needed each other, as Cooney points out, especially at the beginning. They reigned together (with him as the junior pharaoh) for many years. We have absolutely no knowledge or even a hint as to how she died, so the popular assumption that she was murdered is completely without foundation. In fact, she lived well beyond the average life expectancy for the time. Thutmose III then continued some of her in-progress building projects. He even built his own temple next to hers at Deir el Bahari; it was so thoroughly destroyed by falling rocks that no one even knew it existed until fairly recently (1962). What is the likelihood that he would have done so if he hated her? Then, many years later in his reign, he destroyed many, but not all of her representations. We do not know why. The timing, late in his life, when he must have been thinking of his own mortality and the succession, is certainly suggestive.

Cooney handles most of the facts, just with some drama slathered on. Still, for a reader who knows little about Hatshepsut and does not have a scholarly interest, this book would be a good source. For those familiar with the actual evidence as we know it, there are no new theories or revelations in this book.

I received a pre-publication edition of the book. I hope that some things will be clarified in the final edition for print, so I don't want to nitpick. Some other things I would have like footnoted; for instance, she mentions Hatshepsut serving as God's Wife of Amun and being attended to and anointed by her Divine Adoratrices. I was very puzzled by that. My understanding is that during the reign of Hatshepsut there was only one Divine Adoratrice at a time, and she would be related (the wife or sister?) to the high priest of Amun at Karnak, and in fact, Cooney later mentions Seniseneb, a Divine Adoratrice and daughter of the high priest Hapuseneb. I have no idea what the function of the Divine Adoratrice(s) would have been during Hatshepsut's reign. I hope the final edition clarifies how Cooney sees the role of Divine Adoratrice(s).

Cooney also at length discusses Hatshepsut being the first royal to choose (or have chosen for her) a throne name incorporating the name of the goddess Ma'at and the significance of this choice. However, Amenemhet III had the throne name of Nimaatre, and one of the Intefs also had a name including Ma'at, so Hatshepsut was at least the third, not the first, to identify herself with the name of Ma'at. Perhaps Cooney could clarify her meaning.

For more information on Hatshepsut and her times, I will recommend a few books (limiting this list to books and leaving out some very fascinating journal articles): "Hatshepsut, From Queen to Pharaoh," edited by Catharine H. Roehrig; Peter Dorman's two books on Senenmut, "Monuments of Senenmut" and "The Tombs of Senenmut - the Architecture and Decoration of Tombs 71 and 353"; "Thutmose III: A New Biography," edited by Eric Cline and David O'Connor; "Monuments d�cor�s en bas reliefs aux noms de Thoutmosis II et Hatchepsout � Karnak," by Luc Gabolde; "Chapelle Rouge, Le Sanctuare de Barque d'Hatshepsout (two volumes), by Franck Burgos and Francois Larche'. Also essential are the six volumes of "The Temple of Deir el-Bahari," by Edouard Naville, et al., and the more recent excavation series by the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology of the University of Warsaw, and "La chapelle d'hathor - Temple d'hatchepsout a Deir El-Bahari," by Nathalie Beaux, et al. I am embarrassed to say that I purchased Joyce Tyldesley's book, "Hatchepsut, the Female Pharaoh," several years ago and still have not read it. (Way too many books, way too little time.) Perhaps another reviewer who is familiar with Tyldesley's book can offer some comparisons.

I am torn between 3 and 4 stars for this book. 3 because of the sensationalism, repetition and puzzling references (again, I have a pre-publication copy, so those may change) and 4 because this is the only general overview I know of that does quite a good job of fairly presenting the facts as we know them, and that is in itself of value. I wish I could give it 3.5 stars.

29 of 33 people found the following review helpful.
Likely to spark debate, yet one I found impossible to put down
By Kcorn
I love reading anything I can find about Egypt and so I was excited to discover Egyptologist Kara Cooney's latest work on the life of Hatshepsut. And I was enthralled by the book - for the most part. Cooney reveals some of the most fascinating details about living as a woman in Hatshepsut's time, nearly 3500 years ago, during the 18th Dynasty of the New Kingdom in Egypt. There is inherent drama in her life's story, this woman who was the first "to exercise long-term rule over Egypt as a king." And it is hard to fathom that (considering all that she was) relatively little is known about her today.

But there are some potential hurdles as well as reasons for debate likely to face some readers of this book, particularly those who have trouble with speculations about a historical character's feelings and emotions without any hard evidence or proof. Right from the outset, Cooney writes that she made the decision to "break many rules of my Egyptological training in order to resurrect and reanimate Hatshepsut's intentions, ambitions, and disappointments, by engaging in conjecture and speculation..." She also acknowledges she took some creative leaps when she imagines what Hatsheput might have thought or what motivated her actions in specific situations. As a result, there are plenty of times when words like "most likely" or "seems to have been" or speculative terms are used in place of hard facts backed up by documentation.

But because Cooney has studied the historical period intensely and provides a wealth of notes on each chapter as well as extensive references at the back of the book), I was willing to stay with this work - and am glad I did. While this book might have been better categorized as historical fiction, I still couldn't resist stealing every spare moment I could to keep reading it. The writing is vivid and the drama immediate, starting from the first years of Hatsheput's life. As Cooney points out, for an Egyptian child to survive to age five was quite a challenge because infections and parasites ran rampant in her time. This work not only covers the period from Hatshepsut's childhood to her final years but reveals what happened after her death. Even with its bumps, there is much to savor in this one.

25 of 30 people found the following review helpful.
Reads like very good fiction
By Christina Paul
Egyptologist Kara Cooney is one of the few whose work I do follow on a regular basis. Kara is unafraid to ask what if, and explore avenues that many of her more dogmatic colleagues either are too afraid or unwilling to look at. In this instance, Kara has taken a look at one of the most fascinating figures in all of Ancient Egyptian history, that of the "Female King", Hatshepsut.

What most of the laypublic does not realize is that Hatshepsut or Ma'atkare, to use her name as pharaoh, was not the first nor the last to be Pharaoh in Egypt. Most traditional African cultures and traditional African religions (ATR's) can and do have women who are or have been kings. While the women before her may have only been regents ruling in the name of sons or absent husbands for a specific, rather short term, Hatshepsut was the first to do it for such a long, uninterrupted period of time. She reigned for some 22 years. The period under her rule was marked by stability, prosperity and world influence and she did it largely on her own with the cooperation of the Amun priesthood in Ipet-sut, otherwise known as Luxor.

Some critics say that Cooney has taken a feminist approach. I strongly disagree with that assertion. Kara Cooney's book on Hatshepsut takes into account a woman who did what no other woman before her had done in terms of length of rule and managed to hang on to power and influence. Earlier scholars project that Hatshepsut had wrested power away and denied it to Dhehutymose III (Thutmose III), and Cooney provides some very good arguments as to why that may not have been the case and there was largely cooperation between Hatshepsut and Djehutymose III.

So why did later kings try to obliterate her memory? After Dheutymose III ascended the throne and had ruled for 44 years, he had to make certain that his sons, rather than have overly ambitious queens insert themselves in matters of state, or have the legitimacy of sons of lesser queens questioned, he had to distance himself from Hatshepsut's rule. He systematically went and removed all of Hatshepsut's names and titles and separated either his own or those of his own sons. In spite of their years of cooperation in shoring up the fledgling Thutmoside Dynasty together, Djehutymose III was determined to remove her legacy as much as possible and portray history differently.

'The Woman Who Would Be King' is a fascinating look at not just Hatshepsut's life and times but how power was invested through royal lineages, successions manipulated in order for rulers to keep and hold on to power. Kara Cooney presents Hatshepsut in such a way that one can understand why she did what she did and how she used the laws of power and long instilled traditions to her advantage. This book is a fascinating read, even if Hatshepsut is not your favorite Egyptian ruler. Her rule would influence the rule of future kings and queens in Egypt throughout the remainder of the New Kingdom.

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[Z472.Ebook] Ebook Free Studyguide for Computational Physics by Thijssen, Jos, by Cram101 Textbook Reviews

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  • Published on: 2013-05-23
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  • 170 pages

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Senin, 14 Juni 2010

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  • Sales Rank: #6560273 in Books
  • Published on: 1999
  • Binding: Hardcover

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[C311.Ebook] Download PDF The Evolution of Everything: How New Ideas Emerge, by Matt Ridley

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The Evolution of Everything: How New Ideas Emerge, by Matt Ridley

Human society evolves. Change in technology, language, morality, and society is incremental, inexorable, gradual, and spontaneous. It follows a narrative, going from one stage to the next, and it largely happens by trial and error—a version of natural selection. Much of the human world is the result of human action but not of human design: it emerges from the interactions of millions, not from the plans of a few.

Drawing on fascinating evidence from science, economics, history, politics, and philosophy, Matt Ridley demolishes conventional assumptions that the great events and trends of our day are dictated by those on high. On the contrary, our most important achievements develop from the bottom up. The Industrial Revolution, cell phones, the rise of Asia, and the Internet were never planned; they happened. Languages emerged and evolved by a form of natural selection, as did common law. Torture, racism, slavery, and pedophilia—all once widely regarded as acceptable—are now seen as immoral despite the decline of religion in recent decades.

In this wide-ranging, erudite book, Ridley brilliantly makes the case for evolution, rather than design, as the force that has shaped much of our culture, our technology, our minds, and that even now is shaping our future.

  • Sales Rank: #65288 in Books
  • Published on: 2016-10-25
  • Released on: 2016-10-25
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 8.00" h x .83" w x 5.31" l, .0 pounds
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 368 pages

Review
“A highly intelligent and bracingly iconoclastic view of the world. It forces us to see life through new eyes.” (New York Times Book Review)

“A compelling argument...a fascinating work...The way the book frames the argument is delightfully novel...Ridley has amassed such a weight of fascinating evidence and anecdote that the pages fly by.” (The Times (Saturday Review))

“Ridley shows how hard it has been for even the most definite evolutionists to fully abandon the notion of a guiding intelligence…Yet that is what the hard evidence…that Ridley adduces in every chapter compels us all to do.” (Booklist (starred review))

“This penetrating book is Mr. Ridley’s best and most important work to date…there is something profoundly democratic and egalitarian-even anti-elitist-in this bottom-up approach: Everyone can have a role in bringing about change.” (Wall Street Journal)

“An exceptional book: exceptionally easy to read, easy to understand, easy to appreciate…Of the many good general texts on the subject, THE EVOLUTION OF EVERYTHING emerges as the fittest to champion the case for the ubiquity of evolution.” (Washington Times)

“Ridley is a provocative, occasionally pugnacious writer and his book is intriguing and artfully argued.” (London Sunday Times)

“Highly readable, invariably interesting…Ridley’s laudable aim is to disenthrall us of our intuitive creationism and make us see evolution at work everywhere…Ridley succeeds in spades…He possesses the rare power to see the world in a different light - one made not by great men or women but by undirected, incremental change.” (New Scientist)

“An ingenious study…fascinating…thought-provoking…difficult to put down.” (Kirkus, starred review)

“Impressive…Readers of evolutionary theory, sociology, history, anthropology and philosophy shall be highly entertained by this thought-provoking read.” (Library Journal)

“Building on the timeless insights of Lucretius, Ridley examines how civilization inexorably organizes itself. Wrong-headed social theories, he and Lucretius agree, just get in the way.” (Stewart Brand, Author, Whole Earth Discipline)

From the Back Cover

The New York Times bestselling author of The Rational Optimist and Genome returns with a fascinating argument for evolution that definitively dispels a dangerous, widespread myth: that we can command and control our world.

Human society evolves. Change in technology, language, morality, and society is incremental, inexorable, gradual, and spontaneous. It follows a narrative, going from one stage to the next; it creeps rather than jumps; it has its own spontaneous momentum rather than being driven from outside; it has no goal or end in mind; and it largely happens by trial and error—a version of natural selection. Much of the human world is the result of human action but not of human design: it emerges from the interactions of millions, not from the plans of a few.

Drawing on fascinating evidence from science, economics, history, politics, and philosophy, Matt Ridley demolishes conventional assumptions that the great events and trends of our day are dictated by those on high, whether in government, business, academia, or organized religion. On the contrary, our most important achievements develop from the bottom up. Just as skeins of geese form Vs in the sky without meaning to and ter-mites build mud cathedrals without architects, so brains take shape without brain-makers, learning happens without teaching, and morality changes for no reason other than the prevailing fashion. Although we neglect, defy, and ignore them, bottom-up trends shape the world. The Industrial Revolution, cell phones, the rise of Asia, and the Internet were never planned; they happened. Languages emerged and evolved by a form of natural selection, as did common law. Torture, racism, slavery, and pedophilia—all once widely regarded as�acceptable—are now seen as immoral despite the decline of religion in recent decades. In this wide-ranging and erudite book, Ridley brilliantly makes the case for evolution, rather than design, as the force that has shaped much of our culture, our technology, our minds, and that even now is shaping our future.

As compelling as it is controversial, as authoritative as it is ambitious, Ridley’s deeply thought-provoking book will change the way we think about the world and how it works.

About the Author

Matt Ridley is the award-winning, bestselling author of several books, including�The Rational Optimist: How Prosperity Evolves; Genome: The Autobiography of a Species in 23 Chapters; and The Red Queen: Sex and the Evolution of Human Nature. His books have sold more than one million copies in thirty languages worldwide. He writes regularly for The Times (London) and The Wall Street Journal, and is a member of the House of Lords. He lives in England.

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74 of 77 people found the following review helpful.
Shades of Herbert Spencer's "Social Darwinism", but more evolved thinking
By Edward Durney
Matt Ridley has a theory: everything evolves. Building on biological evolution, which he terms a special theory of evolution, Matt Ridley develops in this book a general theory of how evolution lets new ideas emerge in technology, culture, science, economics, history, politics and philosophy.

Something like Charles Darwin's natural selection operates in all these areas to ensure that the fittest ideas survive while the weakest die out. Trial and error rules, not command and control. Things evolve not by design, but by chance. Not from the top down, but from the bottom up.

The process of evolution is slow, gradual, chaotic, brutal, unpredictable and impossible to stop. (The word "evolution" originally meant "unroll" or "unfold".) Things happen; they are not planned and implemented. They have no cause; there is no effect. Not that design and intention by leaders and directors play no part. But for the most part, purposeful design takes a back seat to emergent evolution.

Matt Ridley has the background to build this bold theory. A biologist by training, his 1994 book The Red Queen: Sex and the Evolution of Human Nature looked at how sexual selection influences biological evolution. In his 2010 book The Rational Optimist: How Prosperity Evolves, he moved from looking at evolution in biology to seeing its mark in social phenomena.

Matt Ridley has the chops to make that leap. He has long been a science writer and was American editor of the Economist, but he also is a member of the British House of Lords. He saw economic evolution in action as chairman of the British bank Northern Rock, which in the mid 2000s experienced the first run on a British bank in 150 years and failed (Matt Ridley resigned, and the bank was bailed out by the government and nationalized).

This book is ambitious. Matt Ridley starts by sketching out the general theory of evolution. He then gets specific, with chapters discussing evolution in: the universe, morality, life, genes, culture, the economy, technology, the mind, personality, education, population, leadership, government, religion, money, and the internet. Finally, he ends with evolution of the future.

How exactly does this evolutionary process work? To take just one example that everyone will quickly grasp, the English language just evolves. No one is in charge of it or directs it. No one could. Changes in the language just happen as millions of people use it. Popular changes become accepted and entrenched. Unpopular changes die out and disappear. Evolution in the language happens slowly, but it never stops.

The book has its weaknesses (no footnotes, for example -- just "sources and further reading" listed by chapter at the end), but for me, it was 320 pages of fun. Never hesitant to stretch his theory, but always ready to back up his ideas, Matt Ridley makes a strong case for the general theory of evolution. And he notes how this idea is not new, tracing its genesis back to Epicurus and then Lucretius in his De rerum natura (the story of which is chronicled in The Swerve: How the World Became Modern) and then through Charles Darwin, Adam Smith, and others.

I don't buy everything Matt Ridley argues. There are shades of the largely discredited "Social Darwinism" of Herbert Spencer and others in Matt Ridley's thinking. Some of the pegs are a little too round to fit comfortably in the square hole he tries to force them into. But generally, I think he is right. Politicians like to think they are in charge of society, and they can make it work. Instead, I think that comes from "we the people", and what emerges is not always what we want.

10 of 10 people found the following review helpful.
This Idea Requires Further Evolution
By Theomay
I was disappointed.

I am career business executive looking for insight into ideation and the cultivation of creativity in the workplace. I was lured by the subtitle: How New Ideas Emerge; and by some blog that had put this on a list of recommended titles. I agree the title is good.

One the face of it (or on the dust jacket in this case,) the idea of evolution as the animating force in a crucible for new ideas is appealing. But this book is short on new ideas. It is basically a single idea, or simple premise really, extended to the point of breaking over some 300 pages. Like saying everything in life is sales, or everything is improvisation, the idea itself, I think, becomes unsupportable after you get beyond, “Well, yes, sort of.”

The basic premise is that evolution as outlined by Darwin (or as cutely and more narrowly defined by the author as Darwin’s “special theory” of evolution) applies not only to biology, but to every aspect of the world as we know it. It is at work in the human endeavors of government, technology development, education, personality development, religion, culture, etc., etc. Evolution determines everything. He then in-gathers some largely anecdotal evidence-via-inference in support this claim.

A couple of problems. First, Darwinian evolution is at best a metaphor in this case, and it is probably the wrong metaphor. The author’s grand summing up is essentially that everything moves forward in small increments, as a result of trial and error, building upon prior work and the work of others. Real “progress” comes from the bottom up and not from the top down. Any top down plans generated and approved by a small group of experts, and implemented by fiat, retard progress. So asserts the author.

I am not an expert on evolution. I do fully subscribe to the theory of evolution in biology and its implications for cosmology. But I suspect that what the author describes is not really evolution in the Darwinian sense. A fundamental principle of evolution is random differentiation. Although kids today delight in exclaiming how “random” everything seems, the human processes that the author describes are rarely the result of truly random efforts. We try different things and fail, but fiduciary responsibility at least in business demands that the things we try not be random. We try things that we think will be successful. Most of us are sentient purposeful beings and are picking things to try that make at least some sense. Exogenous factors may cause random things to happen upon implementation of the ideas that can affect the results but, that will happen regardless of whether the effort is bottoms up or top down.

A second core principle is that any notion of progress in evolution (that if left alone evolution will result in progress) is misplaced. There is no value system inherent in evolution by which you can measure progress: nothing in evolution says we or the world are any better or worse off now than we were several million years ago. Yet “progress” is the success metric of choice for the author when comparing bottoms up to top down: we have more progress when we let things evolve on their own.

What may be a more appropriate metaphor for the kind of self-organizing principles at work in the areas of human endeavor that the author selects (and to which the author only alludes in a sentence or two at the very end of the book) is chaos theory. Sure, absent any direction from above, groups of individual human beings will have a tendency, over time, to self-organize. Not highly insightful or controversial.

The second problem, which is the really annoying problem, is the Hail Mary pass the author throws early in the book presenting Adam Smith and Charles Darwin as inhabiting the same brain and equating evolution with (if not insisting that it is wholly inspired by) a comic book version of free market capitalism. The author thus grants himself free license to triangulate (evolution with market based deregulation with progress in any given human endeavor) and flog the exhausted tropes of a small government, social conservative, free market, quasi libertarian, and anti-religion political agenda m�lange (throwing some shade on climate change in the process.) This he does relentlessly and shamelessly for the rest of the book. The book leaves any pretense to scientific method, insight, or rigorous philosophical inquiry quickly behind and becomes a polemic.

Nothing in the blurbs give the reader a heads-up on this. I blame the publisher. Maybe it's just me, but agree or disagree with the politics, I just wanted to know more about How New Ideas Evolve.

When I buy a book like this (and hardcover too!) I always feel wistful for the time spent and the fact that I could have purchased, and enjoyed far more, a perfectly decent bottle of Muscadet from the Loire; maybe to have with a little fillet of sole. I do like the way this idea is evolving...

17 of 19 people found the following review helpful.
A Stew of Simplistic And Mostly Worthless Thoughts
By Charles
“The Evolution Of Everything” is a hard book to review, because it has no substance. Reviewing it is like reviewing a Cliff’s Notes or “For Dummies” book. It is a wholly derivative book, startlingly simplistic and frequently either disingenuous or stupid. What truth the book offers, is obvious, and what truth the book claims is not obvious, is not true.

Ridley poorly parrots two different strains of thought, New Atheism and economic libertarianism, to cook up a repetitive, dull stew with zero new insights. True, like a blind squirrel with a nut, sometimes Ridley is accurate and (derivatively) insightful. But he adds nothing to what cannot be read in much better and deeper books. Sadly, I will never see the time I spent on this book again. You don’t have to make the same mistake!

For Ridley, neither God nor man “creates” anything. To him, “creationism” is a dirty word that is broadly applicable to any belief that a guided process can produce anything valuable. Instead, all new things result from a wholly bottom-up evolutionary process, unguided at any point, whether that creation is of the ibex or the iPhone.

From the very beginning, though, Ridley’s framework is unsatisfying. In fact, Ridley’s real objection is to seekers after power, who always want centralized command for their benefit, not to a nonexistent philosophy of “creationism.” If he wanted to show the failures of central command in all areas of life, he should have focused on Communism and its various leftist relatives, the prime example in the modern world of failed top-down philosophies (see, e.g., Venezuela). But that would imply that atheism might be a problem, and he wants to claim that religion is the problem, and cloak his book in a philosophical wrapper. So he spends the entire book claiming the real problems are (a) religious belief of any kind and (b) any kind of top-down conformity in any area of life, which he ascribes mostly to religious belief, and never to political systems like leftism.

Ridley divides his book into chapters each titled “The Evolution of ___________,” each beginning with a quote from the Epicurean philosopher/poet Lucretius’s “De Rerum Natura.” He uses Lucretius as the paradigm of the first modern rationalist, which is a moderately fair appraisal. Apparently Lucretius’s only true disciples, though, other than the uniquely talented Mr. Ridley, are the so-called Four Horsemen of the so-called New Atheism: Sam Harris, Daniel Dennett, Richard Dawkins and Christopher Hitchens. The reliance Ridley places on the first three of these throughout the entire book is truly astounding, although they are nowhere identified as primarily atheist philosophers, but rather merely as the greatest thinkers of the modern age.

This oddball worship of dogmatic and simplistic third-grade atheism starts a pattern found throughout the book—a complete lack of nuance, combined with a shrill, inflexible approach to all Ridley’s points, which are always “totally clear,” “without doubt,” and “undeniable.” In particular, throughout the book, Ridley simply lies repeatedly in order that he need never say anything positive about religion or religious believers. He modifies the (apocryphal) Chesterton quote “When a man ceases to believe in God, he does not believe in nothing, he believes in anything” to substitute “something” for “God.” He falsely claims that the Nazi Aktion T4 program, killing the mentally and physically handicapped in 1939 and 1940, was stopped by “protests from relatives,” when the reality is it was stopped by German Catholic bishops, who made public and private complaints at great personal risk, and in fact many relatives cooperated to serve Nazi ideology. He notes approvingly that there was criticism in the West of the West’s support of forced abortion and sterilization in 1970s and 1980s China and India, as there was of earlier leftist eugenics programs in the early 20th Century, but fails to note all of the criticism was religious in origin, given that all people of Ridley’s desired non-religious type (like Margaret Sanger, the founder of Planned Parenthood) were enthusiastic supporters of forcibly limiting the procreation of the lesser breeds. And so on.

In keeping with his simplistic approach, Ridley’s first chapter is “The Evolution of the Universe,” in which he endorses Daniel Dennett’s avoidance of “skyhooks” as explanations, a trope that occurs again and again and again and again throughout the book, and then some more. Ridley proceeds to give us a kindergarten version of the development of physics, focusing on the highly unoriginal insight that God was moved out of explanations for the physical world over time (without noting that most of the movers were themselves religious, and the theory of the Big Bang was originated by a Catholic priest in the 20th Century). In the very first pages Ridley’s malicious ignorance becomes evident, when he claims, with complete falsity, that Giordano Bruno was executed “for quoting Lucretius on the recombination of atoms.” This begins the pattern of lying about religion that permeates the entire book. In fairness, though, Ridley is correct that scientific thought has evolved over time, in a bottom-up process, so his conclusion in this chapter is actually correct, and does serve his thesis. If he had stopped here his book would have served for a mediocre Wikipedia entry. But he didn’t.

Instead, Ridley then turned to “The Evolution of Morality,” in which, relying wholly on Adam Smith and Stephen Pinker, along with his favorite philosophers of atheism, he claims that shared morality automatically evolves from natural human recognition of “mutual sympathy of sentiments,” and is purely a “spontaneous phenomenon” to which religious belief is totally irrelevant. (Of course, he gives no example of any actual system of morality not based on religion.) He cites Pinker for the idea that morality has evolved in the modern era towards reduced violence, ignoring that Pinker’s arguments are almost purely anecdotal, other than applied to war, apply purely to Western cultures, and say little about morality overall. Ridley also ignores that the morality of Christian societies such as ours is radically different in nearly every way from that of other cultures, such as Chinese or Indian. Naturally, he makes no attempt to compare moral systems, merely stating that they’re all the same, which is obviously false upon a moment’s reflection, and he makes no attempt to say why morality should evolve over time, if it arises spontaneously from human “mutual sympathy of sentiments.” It’s at this point that the reader gets a sinking feeling that Ridley is wasting the reader’s time. The unwise reader forges onward.

In every chapter, Ridley manages to combine gross oversimplification with total certainty. He discusses the evolution of marriage for several pages, in his chapter “The Evolution of Culture.” He ascribes “peace com[ing] to Europe” as the result of monogamy, “except where societies continue to be based on polygamy, such as much of the Muslim world, or where polygamy was suddenly reinvented, such as in the Church of the Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints.” I’m pretty sure peace hasn’t come to Europe, and certainly not upon monogamy becoming the universal standard in, oh, 600 A.D., and I’m pretty sure violence in the Muslim world is not primarily due to polygamy. Ridley continues digging, though. He bizarrely claims, in support of his idea that monogamy in the West kept evolving until the modern day, that “not all early saints recommended monogamy” (without citing any examples) and that Christianity succeeded in the Roman Empire because it allowed low-status men to have sex, which was “evangelical gold.” Also, because Charles II and Augustus the Strong had lots of mistresses, polygamy was actually the norm in the late medieval West. OK, then.

In the same chapter, Ridley informs us that “cities hardly ever die. Apart from Detroit today and Sybaris in ancient times, there are few examples of cities that even shrink, let alone vanish.” Ridley obviously knows very little about ancient history. Troy? Ephesus? Petra? Hundreds of other cities that also vanished? (And why the mention of Sybaris, which is truly obscure?) Not to mention every city in the West after the fall of Rome shrinking, beginning with Rome itself? Then Ridley tells us that ancient Athens was “run by and in the interests of merchants.” How howlers like this got past Ridley’s editors I’ll never know.

Ridley often praises modern liberal social trends, to show his bona fides, yet never shows how these fit into his framework. He says “Britain has moved with the times in social terms, from legalizing gay marriage to appointing women bishops.” But “moving with the times” is not an evolutionary concept. Nor does Ridley tell us how, for example, after discussing the evolution of (heterosexual) monogamy was critical for societal progress, how homosexual marriage fits into his framework. He merely assumes that liberal social movements in the West, all of which have been dictated from the top down by the cultural and political elite, are good, and therefore magically “evolutionary,” even though that’s obviously not true. He tells us that racism, sexism and murder are “wrong,” but “the argument against [them] does not depend on whether [they] come naturally to human beings.” But he never tells us why, in fact, they are wrong, and what that argument is. If organic societal evolution dictates morality, which changes over time, how can anything be objectively “wrong”?

Occasionally, Ridley does say something interesting, though never anything original. He notes that it’s a myth that scientific advancement comes largely from academic work or government funding, citing the OECD to the effect that between 1971 and 1998, “whereas privately funded research and development stimulated economic growth, publicly funded research had no impact whatsoever.” He points out that until the 1980s, there was a universal quasi-religious belief that humans were a blank slate, and 100% of their personalities were determined by external influences, mostly parents. Today, of course, it’s universally recognized that genetics play a very large role, but as with climate change today, any suggestion then of heterodoxy was immediately met with scorn and marginalization—and, of course, nobody ever had to apologize and everybody pretends this never happened, because being liberal means never having to say you’re sorry. He praises the common law as an evolutionary success (without noting that it has today been completely eliminated by leftists eager for central, top-down power). He notes the mendacity and ignorance of population controllers and neo-Malthusians like Paul Ehrlich (as well as earlier leftist proponents of eugenics). He criticizes global warming alarmism as a religion, and a not-very-intelligent one at that (though he backs off a bit, afraid of damaging his social liberal bona fides). But finding occasional nuggets of (derivative) truth is a high price to pay for slogging through the rest of Ridley’s prose.

Then he returns to stupidity. In a rambling chapter, he denies the existence of free will, telling us that “the more we understand the workings of the brain . . . the more we will find the causes of criminal behavior.” Also, because “each person is [merely] the sum of their influences,” we should not praise people for overcoming their humble origins, like Margaret Thatcher, because every time we do that, “we implicitly denigrate those who do not overcome their disadvantages.” Well, yes.

Finally, Ridley issues a George Gilder-esque call for private money, to include Bitcoin, and complains of government strangulation of bottom-up initiatives in money, the economy, and the Internet. This part of the book is actually pretty rational, though Ridley’s real target is not “creationism,” but the simple desire for power by those in power. Again, “creationism” is a straw man. Ridley is, as it happens, correct that top-down solutions work poorly in most areas of life. He’s just wrong that top-down solutions are actually believed in by most people today, and that atheism will lead us to an earthly Paradise.

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